Interim Management in Austria

Succession, restructuring and cross-border execution into Central Europe.

CE Interim deploys senior executives into Austrian companies and their Central European operations within 72 hours. Every mandate partner-led from first call to handover.

Decisions in Austria. Execution across the border.

Število opravljenih naročil na leto v celotnem omrežju

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Upravni partnerji po vsem svetu

Poslovanje v več kot 30 državah po vsem svetu

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Od prvega klica do ožjega izbora kandidatov

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Standard odličnosti

Who calls us in Austria

Four kinds of buyer, one recurring problem: a leadership seat that cannot stay empty as long as a permanent search takes.

Owner facing succession

The handover is coming, the successor is not ready, and the business runs on relationships only you hold.

Foreign owner or investor

You own or are acquiring an Austrian business and need leadership installed quickly, often across borders.

Supervisory or advisory board member

A senior role emptied without warning. The board needs an executive in the seat, not a plan.

Finančni direktor ali vodja operativnega poslovanja

A specific function needs senior cover now, finance, restructuring or plant leadership, while the permanent hire is found.

The situations Austrian companies call us for

Succession without a ready successor

The owner is stepping back. Fewer than half of Austrian handovers now stay inside the family, and the external successor is not in place. The business runs on the founder’s relationships, decisions and institutional memory, none of which transfers automatically.

CE Interim deploys an interim managing director or CFO who holds the business through the transition, maintains confidence with customers, banks and suppliers, and builds the governance the successor will inherit.

The business keeps running. The handover is controlled, not chaotic.

Vakanzüberbrückung: bridging a leadership vacancy

Your CEO or CFO leaves mid-quarter. The permanent search will take five to six months. Banks, the supervisory board and key customers will not wait that long for clarity on who is running the business.

CE Interim deploys an interim executive within days, fully empowered, holding the role and protecting reporting lines and banking relationships while the search runs in parallel.

The seat is filled before the gap becomes visible outside the building.

Restructuring and financial stabilisation

Margins have compressed faster than the business can absorb. A lender wants a credible operational plan behind the numbers. The management team is stretched and no one owns the recovery.

CE Interim deploys an interim CFO or CRO with direct Austrian lender experience who stabilises cash, manages creditors directly, and gives the business operational credibility while the plan is confirmed.

Creditors get a credible operator. The management team gets room to work.

Industrial cost pressure

Your site is absorbing pressure from every direction: energy, labour costs, customer pricing. In automotive supply particularly, the electrification shift has moved demand permanently. A cost programme needs running and output cannot drop while it happens.

CE Interim deploys an interim plant manager or operations director who has run exactly this before, not someone learning the situation on your timeline.

Output is protected. The programme has an owner.

Cross-border execution into Central Europe

You are moving capacity from Austria to the Czech Republic, Slovakia or Hungary. Or you govern a Central European subsidiary from Austria and the leadership gap has appeared on the far side of the border.

CE Interim deploys an executive who runs both ends under one brief: the Austrian decision and the Central European execution, with a single partner accountable throughout.

Both sides covered. One partner answerable for the whole mandate.

Post-acquisition integration

The deal has closed and the first ninety days are running. Reporting is unclear, the two management teams have not unified, and the value-creation plan is stalling before it starts.

CE Interim deploys an interim CFO or integration lead who installs the reporting cadence, settles decision rights and moves the integration while your permanent team runs the core business.

The hundred-day window gets used, not lost.

Se prepoznate v tej situaciji? Naš partner je pripravljen danes sprejeti vaše navodila.

The Austrian market, right now

Austria is in the middle of a generational handover with no precedent in its post-war economic history. More than 52,000 companies are due for ownership transfer before 2034, nearly a quarter of all employer businesses in the country. The government has formally acknowledged the scale, establishing a national succession taskforce with the Wirtschaftskammer specifically to stop the handover wave becoming an insolvency wave.

What has changed is where successors come from. Fewer than half of Austrian handovers now stay within the family. That shift moves the problem from inheritance to recruitment, and recruitment takes time the retiring owner often does not have.

At the same time, Austrian industry is absorbing cost pressure that is structural rather than cyclical. Manufacturing labour costs run well above the European average and energy costs remain among the highest in the region. Automotive suppliers have announced significant Austrian headcount reductions across Lower Austria and Styria since 2025, as electrification reshapes demand permanently.

These pressures arrive together. A founder steps back into a business simultaneously under margin pressure, facing a bank that wants a plan, or moving capacity across the border before a customer contract expires. Most CE Interim mandates in Austria sit inside companies of 100 to 2,000 employees, in Vienna, Graz, Linz and Salzburg alike: owner-managed businesses facing exactly this combination without the management depth to absorb it.

Austria’s interim market is also younger than Germany’s. Many buyers here meet the model properly for the first time when a situation makes the permanent route impossible. CE Interim treats that as a reason to be precise about how mandates actually work.

Companies due for succession transfer, 2025–2034

Austrian interim management market size, 2024

€ 0 M

Average interim day rate in Austria, 2024

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Share of handovers now staying within the family

Pod naslovom 0 %

Čezmejno. Medkulturno. En odgovoren partner.

Austrian companies have been making Central European decisions for decades. Vienna has served as a regional headquarters for CEE operations since long before the border opened, and Austrian manufacturers were among the first to build capacity east of it.

That makes Austria unusual in this corridor. It is not a destination market receiving foreign investment and foreign managers. It is an origin market, where the decision is taken and the execution happens somewhere else.

The common failure point is not the decision. It is the seam that opens when two firms handle two halves of one mandate, each accountable for their part and neither for the result.

CE Interim runs both sides through one partner. The Austrian brief and the Central European execution are the same engagement, the same standard, and the same accountable leader from first call to handover.

What makes that work is not geography. It is the ability to operate in both business cultures at once, to know what an Austrian owner or supervisory board needs and what a Central European operations team needs, without losing either.

Through the Valtus Alliance and CE Interim’s own presence in CEE, the Balkans and the Baltics, that corridor is covered wherever the mandate goes.

The corridor runs both ways: an Austrian owner reaching into Central Europe, or a foreign group reaching into an Austrian operation. One partner owns the whole route.

What interim management is, and what it is not

Austrian business culture is built on permanence: long tenures, established relationships, institutional loyalty. Interim management sits outside that default, which is why many Austrian companies meet the model properly only when a situation makes the permanent route impossible.

Interim management means placing a senior executive into a real line role for a defined outcome, a fixed timeline and a clean handover. The executive carries full authority from day one. This is not advisory work and not a consultant sitting alongside the management team.

It is the right instrument when the situation has a specific outcome, a fixed timeline, and needs someone who has handled exactly this before. It is the wrong instrument when the role genuinely requires institutional continuity or a permanent market presence. CE Interim says so when that is the case.

Primerjava alternativ

06 / ALTERNATIVE

Kaj dejansko ponujajo te alternative

	Vmesno upravljanje	Iskanje vodstvenih kadrov	Poslovno svetovanje	Neposredno zaposlovanje samostojnih delavcev
Čas za začetek	Dnevi	4-6 mesecev	Tedni	Days, without vetting
Raven pooblastil	Popolna pooblastila za vodenje. Prevzema odgovornost za rezultat.	Stalna zaposlitev od prvega dne	Samo svetovalna vloga. Brez operativnih pooblastil.	Undefined. No mandate scoping.
Odgovornost	En sam vodja, odgovoren za določen rezultat	Dolgoročna odgovornost od datuma zaposlitve	Odgovoren za priporočilo, ne za rezultat	No partner oversight
Struktura stroškov	Spremenljivo. V okviru mandata. Brez stroškov zaposlovanja, odpravnin ali stroškov uvajanja novih zaposlenih.	Fiksna plača plus stroški zaposlovanja plus odpovedni rok plus tveganje v zvezi z odpravnino	Stroški projekta. Ni odgovornosti za poslovanje.	Day rate only. No assessment, no oversight.
Čezmejna zmogljivost	Izvedeno prek enega partnerja, obe strani	Privzeto domače	Privzeto domače	Samo ena oseba
Ravno takrat, ko	The situation is defined, the timeline is fixed, the outcome is specific	Gre za stalno delovno mesto, podjetje pa je pripravljeno počakati	Analysis is needed, not execution	Rarely, for senior line roles

Vmesno upravljanje Priporočeno

Čas za začetek: Dnevi
Raven pooblastil: Popolna pooblastila za vodenje. Prevzema odgovornost za rezultat.
Odgovornost: En sam vodja, odgovoren za določen rezultat
Struktura stroškov: Spremenljivo. V okviru mandata. Brez stroškov zaposlovanja, odpravnin ali stroškov uvajanja novih zaposlenih.
Čezmejna zmogljivost: Izvedeno prek enega partnerja, obe strani
Ravno takrat, ko: The situation is defined, the timeline is fixed, the outcome is specific

Iskanje vodstvenih kadrov

Čas za začetek: 4-6 mesecev
Raven pooblastil: Stalna zaposlitev od prvega dne
Odgovornost: Dolgoročna odgovornost od datuma zaposlitve
Struktura stroškov: Fiksna plača plus stroški zaposlovanja plus odpovedni rok plus tveganje v zvezi z odpravnino
Čezmejna zmogljivost: Privzeto domače
Ravno takrat, ko: Gre za stalno delovno mesto, podjetje pa je pripravljeno počakati

Poslovno svetovanje

Čas za začetek: Tedni
Raven pooblastil: Samo svetovalna vloga. Brez operativnih pooblastil.
Odgovornost: Odgovoren za priporočilo, ne za rezultat
Struktura stroškov: Stroški projekta. Ni odgovornosti za poslovanje.
Čezmejna zmogljivost: Privzeto domače
Ravno takrat, ko: Analysis is needed, not execution

Neposredno zaposlovanje samostojnih delavcev

Čas za začetek: Days, without vetting
Raven pooblastil: Undefined. No mandate scoping.
Odgovornost: No partner oversight
Struktura stroškov: Day rate only. No assessment, no oversight.
Čezmejna zmogljivost: Samo ena oseba
Ravno takrat, ko: Rarely, for senior line roles

First-time buyers in Austria usually start with the day rate. The more useful question is what the situation costs while the seat stays empty.

Izbrani mandati

Podatki o naročniku so v skladu z dogovorom zadržani.

Začasni finančni direktor

An Austrian manufacturer faced a succession with no internal successor ready and no external buyer confirmed. Customer relationships, supplier agreements and pricing authority sat with the departing founder alone.

CE Interim deployed an Interim CFO with Austrian market experience and multi-country consolidation background, who unified group reporting and redesigned finance governance across entities.

Group reporting was consolidated within the mandate window. Permanent leadership inherited an audit-ready finance function with documented governance across all entities.

Interim Managing Director

CE Interim deployed an Interim Managing Director to hold the business through the transition, maintain confidence with principal customers and banking partners, and systematically document what one person held.

Customer and supplier relationships continued without disruption. The incoming successor inherited documented processes and a functioning structure rather than a rebuild.

Interim Operations Director

An Austrian automotive supplier needed to shift capacity toward its Central European network under sustained energy and labour cost pressure. A customer supply agreement was active throughout, so output could not fall.

CE Interim deployed an Interim Operations Director to run both ends as one programme: the Austrian cost reduction and the Central European ramp-up, under a single brief and one quality standard.

The capacity shift completed within the mandate window. The customer received no disruption notification. The Central European site was handed over stabilised.

Interim Country Manager

An Austrian-headquartered industrial group lost the executive governing three Central European subsidiaries. Local management continued operating, but group oversight, reporting discipline and investment decisions stalled across all three countries at once.

CE Interim deployed an Interim Country Manager with authority across the region, who restored the reporting line to Austria, re-established decision rights with each local team, and worked in both the Austrian and local business cultures without a translator in between.

Group oversight was restored within the first quarter. The permanent appointment inherited three functioning reporting relationships rather than three stalled ones.

The roles we deploy for Austrian companies

Ordered by mandate frequency in Austria. Every role deployed for a defined outcome, not an open-ended seat.

Začasni finančni direktor

Financial control, lender management and multi-entity consolidation. Deployed when a succession needs financial readiness, a restructuring needs a credible finance lead, or a departure leaves a critical situation exposed.

Interim Managing Director (Geschäftsführer auf Zeit)

Full business leadership through succession, vacancy or crisis. Deployed when a founder steps back without a ready successor, or the top seat empties and the business needs a steady decision-maker.

Začasni direktor za prestrukturiranje

Creditor negotiation and covenant management. Deployed when the situation moves beyond reporting into active lender management and needs a dedicated executive, not a CFO doing two jobs.

Začasni izvršni direktor

Operational turnaround and programme leadership on the ground. Deployed when a cost programme or site consolidation needs an owner with authority in the line, not a coordinator above the problem.

Začasni direktor obrata · Direktor lokacije

Factory leadership and production stability. Deployed when an Austrian site needs stabilising under cost pressure, a Central European site needs ramping up, or both run at once during a capacity shift.

Interim Country Manager

Regional oversight across Austrian and Central European entities. Deployed when a group loses the executive governing subsidiaries across borders and reporting discipline stalls in several countries at once.

Začasni direktor kadrovske službe

People leadership through ownership or organisational change. Deployed when a business moves from founder-led to professionally managed, or a restructuring needs dedicated senior HR ownership.

Interim Integration Lead

Post-acquisition integration and reporting consolidation. Deployed when a deal has closed and the first ninety days need an owner to install reporting before value creation stalls.

Industries we serve in Austria

Vodstveni kadri, ki že poznajo delovanje vaše panoge.

Family-Owned Businesses, All Sectors

Austria’s largest source of interim demand. Tens of thousands of owner-managed businesses face transfer before 2034, and fewer than half will now stay in the family. Most are operationally sound but leadership-dependent.

Automotive and Supply Chain

Concentrated in Lower Austria and Styria, and restructuring under electrification, energy costs and pricing pressure. Sites need stabilising and cost programmes need running by people who have done it before.

Manufacturing and Industrial

Twenty-two percent of Austrian GDP. Cost pressure here is permanent rather than cyclical, and companies profitable for decades are making structural decisions for the first time.

Kemikalije in postopki

The same energy-cost reckoning as the wider industrial base, compounded by regulatory and compliance load. An operational or quality leadership gap here carries consequences quickly.

Financial Services · Vienna

Vienna’s concentration of banking, insurance and CEE holding structures generates steady demand for interim CFO, CHRO and transformation leadership, particularly around reporting consolidation and governance.

znanosti o življenju in farmacevtski izdelki

Regulated environments where a quality or compliance leadership gap rarely survives a permanent search timeline. Executives need operational depth and regulatory literacy together.

Od prvega klica do vodstvenega delavca na terenu

Vedno isti postopek. Od začetka do konca ga vodi partner.

Zaupno poročilo

Pogovarjate se neposredno s partnerjem podjetja CE Interim. Z enim samim klicem se seznanimo s situacijo, nujnostjo in želenim izidom. Brez obrazcev, brez postopka prijave, brez posrednika.

Izvršni kadrovski kandidat najden v 72 urah

Iz globalnega bazena več kot 60.000 vodstvenih kadrov vam predstavimo enega ali dva vnaprej preverjena vodstvena kadra, ki ustrezata vaši konkretni situaciji. Ne gre za dolg seznam kandidatov. Ne gre za izvoz podatkov iz baze. Gre za vodstvene kadre, ki so že prej opravljali tovrstne naloge.

Izberete in sklenete pogodbo

En usmerjen razgovor. En pavšalni dnevni honorar. Pogodba o zaupnosti že od prvega dne. Vi se odločite, mi sklenemo pogodbo, vodstveni kadrovski kandidat je seznanjen z nalogami in pripravljen na začetek dela.

Na terenu, nadzor partnerjev, nemoten prenos

Izvršni direktor prevzame vlogo s polnimi pooblastili že od prvega dne. Vaš partner iz podjetja CE Interim ostane ves čas neposredno vključen v proces z vsakotedenskim nadzorom. Projekt se zaključi s celovito dokumentacijo, prenosom znanja in nemotenim umikom, ki vaše podjetje okrepi.

For an Austrian mandate reaching into Prague, Bratislava or Budapest, CE Interim covers that corridor directly through its own CEE, Balkans and Baltics presence. The Alliance brings further specialist depth inside Austria through its local partner network, which CE Interim draws on where a mandate calls for it. If the mandate reaches into Asia, the Americas or the Middle East, the same relationship covers it.

Ste pripravljeni, da nam podate poročilo? Kandidate predstavimo v roku 72 ur.

Globalna prisotnost. Osebna odgovornost. En sam klic.

Prek zveze Valtus Alliance podjetje CE Interim strankam omogoča dostop do začasnih vodstvenih kadrov v več kot 29 državah, pri čemer ne odstopa od odgovornosti, ki jo prevzemajo partnerji in ki pomeni ključno razliko.

Doseg prinaša tudi določeno kompromisno rešitev. Čim večje je omrežje, tem dlje potuje nalog od osebe, ki je najprej sprejela vaš klic.

Vsak projekt od prvega telefonskega pogovora do končne predaje ostaja pod vodstvom partnerja. Ta odgovornost pa se ne omejuje le na eno regijo.

Questions we get asked about interim management in Austria

Kako deluje CE Interim

How quickly can CE Interim deploy an interim executive in Austria?

CE Interim presents partner-assessed candidates within 72 hours of the first briefing call. In genuine urgency an executive can be on-site within days. The 72 hours covers briefing, assessment and profile presentation, not a database search. Most mandates start within one to two weeks of first contact.

Kaj se zgodi ob prvem klicu v podjetju CE Interim?

You speak directly with a CE Interim partner, not a coordinator or intake team. One conversation establishes the situation, the outcome required, the timeline and the type of executive needed. Everything is confidential from the start.

Kdo upravlja z mandatom, ko je izvršilni organ že na kraju samem?

The same partner who took the first call stays directly involved throughout. There is no handoff to a junior account manager. The partner reviews progress, stays close to complications and oversees the handover to permanent leadership.

Kako poteka predaja ob koncu mandata?

Every mandate is scoped with a defined exit from the start. The executive prepares a structured handover covering decisions taken, processes documented, relationships transferred and open items resolved. The business should be stronger and not dependent on the interim’s presence.

Can we end the mandate early if the situation resolves faster than expected?

Yes. Mandates are structured around the outcome, not a fixed time commitment. If the situation resolves ahead of schedule the mandate closes early with a clean handover. There is no lock-in and no penalty.

Stroški in oglasi

What does an interim executive cost in Austria?

Is interim management affordable for a family business or smaller company?

Yes. Mid-sized and family-owned businesses are the primary source of interim demand across the DACH region according to AIMP. The mandate-scoped structure carries no recruitment fee, no permanent salary, no severance exposure and no notice period delay.

Kako so sestavljene provizije podjetja CE Interim?

A transparent flat daily rate agreed before the mandate begins. No placement fees, no percentage of salary, no success bonuses, no retainer. Terms are agreed in one conversation and confirmed in writing before anyone starts.

Ali podjetje CE Interim deluje v okviru sporazuma o nerazkrivanju podatkov (NDA)?

Yes. Confidentiality is the starting point, not something a client has to request. CE Interim operates under mutual NDA from the first conversation, which is why no client names or mandate specifics appear in published content.

Kdaj nas pokličite

When does an Austrian company need an interim executive rather than a consultant?

When the situation needs a decision-maker in the line role, not a recommendation on paper. An interim executive holds authority and delivers the result. A consultant advises and reports. For succession bridging, restructuring or cross-border execution, the gap is in doing.

Can CE Interim cover a sudden CEO or CFO departure in Austria?

Yes. Vakanzüberbrückung, bridging a leadership vacancy, is one of the most common mandate types in this market. A partner-assessed interim CEO or CFO can be on-site within days, holding the role with full authority while the permanent search runs.

When is interim management the right response to a succession situation?

When there is a gap between the owner’s exit and the successor’s readiness. That gap has widened in Austria as family-internal handovers have fallen below half of all transfers, meaning more owners are now recruiting a successor rather than raising one. An interim managing director holds the business through that search.

Can CE Interim manage a capacity shift from Austria to Central Europe?

Yes. CE Interim deploys interim CFOs and CROs with direct lender-management experience for creditor negotiation and operational stabilisation. These executives have managed comparable situations before and carry full line authority from day one.

Can CE Interim manage a capacity shift from Austria to Central Europe?

Yes. Cross-border execution between Austria and Central Europe is a CE Interim specialism. One executive runs both the Austrian wind-down and the Central European ramp-up under a single brief. Output is protected throughout.

Does CE Interim work with family businesses facing succession?

Yes. More than 52,000 Austrian companies are due for ownership transfer before 2034 according to the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. CE Interim deploys interim managing directors and CFOs to hold the business through the transfer and prepare what the successor inherits.

Can CE Interim support a post-acquisition integration?

Yes. CE Interim deploys interim CFOs and integration leads who install reporting cadence, settle decision rights and move the integration forward in the first ninety days, across Austrian entities and across borders where the mandate spans both.

Vloge, ki jih uvajamo

What does an interim CFO do and when does an Austrian company need one?

An interim CFO holds full financial leadership on a defined mandate. Austrian companies most often need one during a succession requiring financial readiness, a restructuring with active lender relationships, a sudden departure, or a post-acquisition situation needing consolidated reporting quickly.

What is a Geschäftsführer auf Zeit and when is one needed?

An interim managing director holding full legal and operational authority on a defined mandate. Typically deployed for succession bridging, crisis stabilisation or vacancy cover. CE Interim can present assessed candidates within 72 hours.

When does an Austrian company need an interim plant manager?

When a site needs stabilising under cost pressure, when a capacity shift between Austria and Central Europe needs running without dropping output, or when a consolidation needs experienced leadership throughout.

What is an interim CRO and how does it differ from an interim CFO?

A CFO manages the business financially. A CRO owns the recovery. The CRO is deployed when the situation has moved into active creditor negotiation or covenant management and needs a dedicated executive rather than a CFO splitting attention.

Čezmejna pooblastila

Can CE Interim handle a mandate starting in Austria and extending into Central Europe?

Yes. This is CE Interim’s primary specialism. One partner leads both sides under one brief and one quality standard, with no handoff to a separate local firm and no accountability gap between the Austrian headquarters and the site.

Which Central European countries does CE Interim cover from Austria?

The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, the Baltic states and the wider Balkans, through CE Interim’s own regional presence and the Valtus Alliance.

Do CE Interim executives have cross-cultural fluency for Austrian and CEE mandates?

Yes. CE Interim deploys executives who operate in both business cultures, understanding what an Austrian owner or supervisory board expects and what a Central European operations team needs. That bridging is what makes cross-border execution work in practice.

Can CE Interim place an executive who governs several countries at once?

Yes. Austrian groups frequently hold regional oversight of Central European subsidiaries from a domestic headquarters. When that oversight role empties, CE Interim deploys an interim country or regional manager with authority across the entities rather than covering one country and leaving the rest unmanaged.

Austria and the Austrian market

How large is the Austrian interim management market?

Austria’s interim market reached €260 million in 2024 according to AIMP, with average day rates of €1,282. Austria is developing more dynamically than Germany in the most recent AIMP DACH study, driven partly by a growing pool of available senior executives.

How long do interim mandates typically last in Austrian companies?

Most run between six and twelve months. Restructuring and vacancy bridging often compress into three to six. Succession bridging and post-acquisition integration typically run nine to twelve months or longer depending on the transition.

Is interim management well established in Austria?

The category is growing but less mature than in Germany or the UK. Many Austrian companies meet it seriously for the first time when a situation makes the permanent route impossible. That is a reason to explain the model clearly rather than assume familiarity.

Does CE Interim work outside Vienna?

Yes. Interim demand in Austria is not concentrated in the capital. Manufacturing and automotive mandates cluster around Graz, Linz and Lower Austria, while Vienna generates more finance, governance and CEE holding-structure work. CE Interim deploys across all of them.

Which industries in Austria use interim management most?

Family-owned businesses across all sectors generate the largest share, driven by the succession wave. Automotive supply chain is the most active industrial sector. Vienna financial services generates steady CFO and transformation demand, alongside chemicals, process industries and life sciences.

Začasna rešitev v primerjavi z drugimi možnostmi

What is the difference between an interim manager and a management consultant in Austria?

A consultant advises, analyses and recommends. An interim manager takes the line role, holds the authority and delivers the result. For succession bridging, restructuring or cross-border execution, that is the difference between a plan and an outcome.

How is interim management different from executive search in Austria?

Executive search fills a permanent role over four to six months. Interim management fills a situation within days. When a CFO departs mid-refinancing or a succession leaves the business without a leader, there is no time for a permanent search.

Why use a structured provider rather than hiring a freelance manager directly?

A provider pre-assesses candidates before presenting them, adds partner oversight throughout, and delivers a scoped engagement with a defined outcome and exit. A direct hire gives you an individual without that structure and no one accountable for the result.